Uma imali engenayo ingase imiswe kusasa, yizinyanga ezingaki zempilo ongazikhokhela ngemali onayo manje esheshayo (liquid)?
Lo akuwona umbuzo wokugcizelela. Kuyisilinganiso.
Into engalindelekile, ukugula, ukudlula phakathi kwezinkontileka ezimbili, inyanga engenamabhili yomuntu ozisebenzelayo (freelancer): impilo inezindlela eziningi zokuqamula umsinga okulethela iholo lakho njalo ngenyanga. Uma lokhu kwenzeka, unezimpendulo ezimbili ezingenzeka.
Eyokuqala ingumuzwa: ngizoyicabanga, ngicabanga. Isikhashana. Eyesibili yinombolo: ngizoyicabanga izinyanga ezinhlanu ngingathinti lutho olunye.
Phakathi kwalezi zimpendulo ezimbili kunomehluko omkhulu kakhulu. Izinqumo ozithathayo emasontweni alandelayo ziyoba zihlukile. Nokuthula ozithatha ngakho, nakho.
Leyo mpendulo yesibili — inombolo — yizinyanga zokumboza (months coverage). Yisilinganiso sesithathu kwezine sendawo yokuma (position point), futhi leso sihloko esiyisisekelo sichaza zonke ezine ndawonye.
Futhi yisilinganiso, ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye, esidala ukuthula. Asishongo ukuthi ucebe kangakanani. Sishono ukuthi ungalala ngokuthula okungakanani.
Yini izinyanga zokumboza
Isilinganiso silula kakhulu:
Imali esheshayo onayo namuhla ÷ izindleko eziqinile zanyanga zonke = izinyanga zokuzimela.
Ake sithathe isibonelo. UMaria unamayero angu-9,000 € ku-akhawunti yakhe evamile, akanayo enye imali esheshayo. Izindleko zakhe eziqinile — irenti, amabhili, ukudla, umshwalense, i-inthanethi — zifika kumayero angu-1,800 € ngenyanga.
Izinyanga zokumboza kwakhe: 9,000 ÷ 1,800 = izinyanga ezi-5.
Izinyanga ezinhlanu yisikhathi uMaria angadlula kuso ngaphandle kweyero eyodwa yemali engenayo, ngaphandle kokuthengisa lutho, ngaphandle kokuboleka. Elele ngokuthula.
Kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kokuthi “nginamayero angu-9,000 € ku-akhawunti” nokuthi “nginezinyanga ezi-5 zokumboza”. Eyokuqala iyisamba. Eyesibili iyisilinganiso (ratio). Eyesibili kuphela eyisho okuthile.
Cabanga ngabantu ababili abanebhalansi elifanayo: amayero angu-30,000 € asheshayo.
Owokuqala unezindleko eziqinile zangu-5,000 € ngenyanga: izinyanga zokumboza kwakhe zi-6 kuphela.
Owesibili unezindleko eziqinile zangu-1,500 € ngenyanga: izinyanga zokumboza kwakhe zingu-20.
Inombolo efanayo ebhange, isimo esihluke ngokuphelele. Owokuqala usesimweni esanele, akukho okunye. Owesibili unesihlalo esikhulu kakhulu (cushion) — mhlawumbe sikhulu kakhulu (sizobuyela kulokhu kamuva).
Ibhalansi ye-akhawunti, ngaphandle kobudlelwane bayo nezindleko eziqinile, ayisho lutho. Yinombolo efuna incazelo. Izinyanga zokumboza ziyayinika leyo ncazelo.
Yini ebalwa njenge-“esheshayo” (liquid)
I-liquid isho into eyodwa eqondile: imali ongayisebenzisa ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-24 ngaphandle kokuthengisa okunye.
Ake sikubheke ngezigaba.
Yebo, kuyi-liquid: i-akhawunti evamile, i-akhawunti yesheke elikhululekile (lelo ongakhipha kulo noma nini), imali ekhona, izikhwama zemakethe yemali ezingakhishwa ngokushesha — imikhiqizo eqaphelisisayo etshala kumaphepha esikhathi esifushane kakhulu futhi ongaphuma kuwo ngaphandle kwezinhlawulo ngezinsuku ezimbalwa — kanye namabhondi kahulumeni esikhathi esifushane.
Cha, akuyona i-liquid: ama-ETF ezabelo, amabhondi kahulumeni eminyaka eyishumi, amabhondi esikhathi eside, izakhiwo, izikhwama ezizimele, imoto, imisebenzi yobuciko.
Konke lokhu kunenani. Okunye kungathengiswa ngisho ngokushesha. Kodwa esimweni esiphuthumayo, ubhekana nengozi yokukuthengisa ngesikhathi esingafanele, ngenani eliphansi — okuwenza kube kubi kakhudlwana isimo.
Isibonelo esiqondile. Unamayero angu-10,000 € ku-ETF. Ephepheni angu-10,000 €. Kusasa kufika into engalindelekile futhi kudingeka uyiguqule ibe imali ngaphakathi kwamahora angu-48. Uyithengisa ngenani lokuqala elitholakalayo, mhlawumbe ngosuku olubi, bese uthola u-8,000 kuphela.
Le-ETF yayingezona izinyanga zokumboza ezingu-10,000 €. Yayingu-8,000. Umehluko yinani lokuphangisa.
Kufana nendlu, isikhwama sezakhiwo, umsebenzi wobuciko odliwe ifa. Impahla ekhona engcebweni yakho, kodwa esebenzela okunye — hhayi ukukumboza kokuthile okungalindelekile kwesikhathi esifushane.
Kukhona nezimo eziphakathi eziqotho. I-akhawunti yesheke ekhiywe iziyanga eziyisithupha ngenhlawulo yokukhipha ngaphambi kwesikhathi: ngokobuchwepheshe iyaguquleka, kodwa nendleko. Kubasebenzisi abaningi be-Cashfulness, empilweni yansuku zonke, angiyibali njengokumboza. Uma uzimisele ukwamukela inhlawulo njengenani lokuthula, khona-ke yebo — kodwa lesi yisinqumo esiyaziwayo, hhayi ukufakwa ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Kufana namashelo namabhondi esikhathi esiphakathi kuya kwesibanzi: abanye abasebenzisi be-Cashfulness babeka lokhu phakathi kwe-liquid, ngoba “abekelwa amanani” nsuku zonke futhi ngakho angaguqulwa ngokushesha abe yimali.
Ungalahlekelwa imali ngoba uthengisa kabi, kodwa ukuqiniseka kokuthi angaguqulwa abe imali etholakalayo akufanele kudelelwe.
Indlu, ngokuhlukile, ayithengiswa ngezinsuku ezimbalwa, ngoba ngisho nasesimweni esihle kunazo zonke, ukuthola umthengi kuyinqubo ende (ukukhangisa ngendawo, ukubona, izingxoxo, isivumelwano sokuqala, umbhalo we-notari...).
Wonke lo mehluko we-liquid/hhayi liquid uhlala eceleni komunye umehluko, phakathi kwe-Assets+ ne-Assets−: lapha sikhuluma kuphela nge-ukutholakala ngokushesha, hhayi ngekhwalithi yempahla.
Kubalwa kanjani “izindleko eziqinile zanyanga zonke”
Olunye uhlangothi lwesici: yini oyibeka ku-denominator?
Izindleko eziqinile yizona ezisala zikhona ngisho noma imali engenayo imiswa kusasa. Umbuzo wokuhlola ulula: uma ngingasebenzi nakancane inyanga eyodwa, ngabe ngisadinga ukukhokha lolu zindleko?
Uma impendulo ithi yebo, luyindleko eqinile. Uma ithi cha — noma “ngingaliyekisa kusasa ngaphandle kwemiphumela emikhulu” — luyaguquguquka.
Eziqinile: irenti noma imali yebhondi lendlu, amabhili ayisisekelo (ugesi, igesi, amanzi, izindleko zomphakathi), izindleko zokudla eziyingqikithi eziyiqiniso, imishwalense edingekayo, izinhlawulo zemoto noma zamathuluzi asezisayindiwe, izinsalelwane ezidingekayo (ucingo oluyisisekelo, i-inthanethi eyisisekelo, imithi ephindaphindekayo uma ikhona).
Eziguquguqukayo: izindawo zokudlela, amaholidi, izingubo ezengeziwe, igym, i-streaming, amamagazini, izipho, amashobho.
Iphuzu elibalulekile mayelana nezindleko zokudla. Akulona uziro — awukwazi ukuyeka ukudla. Kodwa akusizinga samanje futhi, esingase sifake izinto ezingadingekile.
Yizinga lokuphila ngesithunzi: inombolo oyidingayo ukuze udle kahle kodwa ngaphandle kokweqisa, inyanga engenamali engenayo. Beka le nombolo manje, ngisho ngokulinganisela, bese uyisebenzisa.
Isiluleko sendlela yokwenza: izinyanga zokumboza eziqotho zibalwa ngezindleko eziqinile + ukudla kokuphila, hhayi ngezinga lokuphila lamanje.
Uma uzibala ngezinga lamanje, inombolo oyitholayo iba nkulu kakhulu bese ikwesabisa. Futhi ilahlekelwa umsebenzi wayo, okuwukukunika isiqondiso — hhayi umthwalo.
Kungani izinyanga ezintathu
Zonke izikole zokucabanga zaseNyakatho neYurophu/eMelika — eyaseMelika ye-emergency fund — zincoma izinyanga eziyisithupha, eziyisishiyagalolunye, eziyishumi nambili zokumboza. Sisikisela umgqa ohlukile.
Izinyanga ezintathu isisekelo esincane kunazo zonke kubantu abanemali engenayo ezinzile: obesebenza ngenkontileka engenamkhawulo, ompesheni.
Yisikhathi lapho, kwiningi labimo aziphathwa khona izinto zangempela ezingalindelekile. Ukuthola umsebenzi omusha embonini efanayo. Ukululama ekuguleni okukugcina ulele. Ukulungisa ukulungiswa okukhulu kwendlu noma kwemoto.
Izinyanga eziyisithupha uma imali engenayo ingazinzile: abazisebenzelayo, ama-freelancer, ochwepheshe abaholelwa nge-commission, umsebenzi wesizini. Lapha isihlalo (cushion) kufanele sikwazi ukumunca hhayi kuphela isimo esiphuthumayo, kodwa nokuguquguquka okusuka ngaphakathi kwemali engenayo uqobo — ikota engenamali engenayo engesona isimo esiphuthumayo, iyisigqi somsebenzi kuphela.
Ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, cishe njalo, kuyeqisa. Futhi lapha kungena umqondo we-opportunity cost: inzuzo oyiyekelayo ngokugcina imali ingasebenzi kunokuba iyisebenzise kwenye indawo.
Yonke iyero engasebenzi ngenzuzo ephansi noma engekho — i-akhawunti evamile, isheke ngesilinganiso esiphansi kakhulu — isebenza ngokuphambana nokwenyuka kwentengo (inflation). Engxenyeni edingekayo ngokuqinile yezinyanga zokumboza, leli yinani olikhokhela ukuthula: uyalamukela, futhi kulungile. Kokweqile, yimali ebingazakha i-Assets+ yakho, okusho leyo ngxenye yengcebo eye ikhiqiza imali engenayo kunokuba imunce.
Uma unezinyanga ezingu-12 zokumboza ku-akhawunti eyi-0.5%, ulahlekelwa amandla okuthenga kumaphesenti angu-75 alesosihlalo. Izinyanga eziyisithupha zokuthula okwengeziwe zikubiza minyaka yonke ukuguguleka okuncane, okuthule, okubalulekile ngesikhathi eside.
Ezintathu akulona umthetho ongcwele. Komunye inombolo elungile emine, komunye ihlanu. Iphuzu likwenye indawo: ungadidi ukuqapha nokungasakwazi ukusebenza (paralysis). Isihlalo esengeziwe, kuze kufike ephuzwini elithile, kuwukuqapha. Ngale kwaleliyo phuzu, kuwukwesaba okugqoke isigqoko sokuqapha.
Uma inombolo ikutshela okuthile
Iribhothi lomgwaqo eliwusizo lokuqonda ukuthi ukuphi.
Ngaphansi kwenyanga eyodwa: isikhathi sokugxila kokumboza, ngaphambi kwanoma iyiphi enye injongo yezezimali. Hhayi ukwesaba — isenzo. Ukwakha kabusha inyanga eyodwa yokumboza siyisinyathelo sokuqala lapho zonke ezinye ziqala khona.
Phakathi kwenyanga eyodwa nezintathu: uyakha. Kuyisikhundla somsebenzi, hhayi esokufika. Iphutha kuphela lapha ukumisa ngaphambi kwezintathu. Uma usufikile, useke wafika.
Phakathi kwezinyanga ezintathu nezisithupha: ukulala ngokuthula. Isilinganiso senza lokho esikhona kukho. Kusukela lapha, yonke iyero engaphezulu esheshayo ine-opportunity cost efanele ukuyibheka.
Ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha: mhlawumbe usheshe kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuthi ukwesigaba esithile sempilo — ukushintsha umsebenzi okuhleliwe, ukukhulelwa, ukuthenga indlu kwizinyanga eziyishumi nambili ezizayo. Kulezo zimo, okweqile kunendawo eqondile nesikhathi esifushane, futhi kunengqondo ukusigcina lapho.
Ngaphandle kwalezo zigaba, kufanele uzibuze ukuthi okweqile kusebenza kuphi. Hhayi ukukuthuthela ngokushesha — ukuzibuza kuphela lo mbuzo.
Okumele ukwenze uma ungaphansi kwezinyanga ezintathu
Iseluleko esiningi abasilindele. Ngizama ukukwenza ngendlela esebenzayo, ngaphandle kokwesabisa.
Into yokuqala ONGAYIFANELI ukuyenza: ukuthengisa impahla eyehlile inani — isabelo esehlayo, ibhondi elingaphansi kwesilinganiso, isikhwama esilahlekelwe inani ezinyangeni ezedlule — ukuze “uzole”.
Ubhekana nokulahlekelwa ukuze umboze ukwesaba. Yiwo lowo mshini owenza ukuthi esimweni esiphuthumayo uthengise ngenani eliphansi, kodwa usebenzise ngaphambili. Awuxazululi ukumboza: uyakuxhasa ngenani eliphezulu kakhulu.
Okumele ukwenze esikhundleni salokho, ngezinyathelo ezintathu.
Okokuqala: bala isikhwehlelo (delta). Yimalini oswele ukuze ufinyelele izinyanga ezintathu zokumboza? Thola inombolo, uyibhale kwenye indawo. Isibonelo: udinga u-2,000 € owengeziwe.
Okwesibili: khomba indleko eyodwa kuphela eguquguqukayo ozoyinciphisa ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ezizayo. Eyodwa kuphela, hhayi ezinhlanu. Isibonelo: izindawo zokudlela zinciphe ngo-300 € ngenyanga. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha lokho ku-1,800 €. Ususeduze nokufinyelela.
Okwesithathu: beka isikhwehlelo kwi-akhawunti ehlukile ye-akhawunti yokusebenzisa. Hhayi utshalomali, hhayi isikhwama, hhayi isheke elikhiyiwe: i-akhawunti yesheke elikhululekile, lapho imali ingaxutshwa nayo yenyanga futhi uyibona ikhula.
Ukwakha kabusha ukumboza kuwukuzilolonga okuncane futhi okuphindwaphindwayo, hhayi umsebenzi wobuqhawe. Iyiwo lowo mqondo osekelwe wonke i-Cashfulness: ukuzithiba kuvela kwehlelo, hhayi emandleni okuzimisela. Ihlelo elizigcinayo lona, uma usulakhile.
Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ngesikhwehlelo esingenhla, uba sezinyangeni ezintathu eziphelele. Kuwumbono ofinyelelekayo, hhayi intaba.
Ukulala ngokuthula
Izinyanga zokumboza yisilinganiso esibukelwa phansi kakhulu endaweni yokuma ngoba asibonakali njengomcebo.
Izinyanga ezintathu zeholo ku-akhawunti azikwenzi uzizwe ucebe. Aziniki umuzwa wokuthi ingcebo iyakhula. Awuzitsheli abangani. Yingakho abaningi, ngokushesha nje lapho ukumboza sekulungile, bekukhohlwa futhi babheke kwenye indawo — kutshalomali, ezakhiweni, kwisikhwama sempesheni.
Bayaphutha. Izinyanga ezintathu azikho umcebo, kuwukulala ngokuthula.
Futhi ukulala ngokuthula yisimo esidingekayo ukuze zonke ezinye izilinganiso zendawo eqondile yomkhumbi — ingcebo epheleleyo (net worth), ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-Assets+ ne-Assets−, umehluko phakathi kwalokho okholelwa ukuthi unakho nalokho onakho ngempela — zikusebenzele. Ngaphandle kokukhathazeka okungaphansi okuvimba zonke izinqumo.
Ngaphandle kokumboza, konke ukutshala imali kwenziwa ngokwesaba ukuthi kuzodingeka ukuthengiswa ngenani eliphansi kusasa. Konke ukushintsha komsebenzi kwenziwa ngokwesaba ukuthi ngeke ufinyelele ekupheleni kwenyanga. Konke ukukhetha okubalulekile kungcoliswa yilokho kwesaba.
Ngokumboza, izinketho ziphinda zikhululeke. Hhayi ngoba yonke into ihamba kahle njalo, kodwa ngoba into engalindelekile iyeka ukuba yinhlekelele futhi ibe yilokho ngempela eyikho: into engalindelekile.
Imali iyithuluzi lokuthenga isikhathi nenkululeko. Izinyanga zokumboza zithenga into eqondile kakhulu: isikhathi sokusabela. Impahla encishile kakhulu uma kubhekene nento engalindelekile.
— Vittorio